缺血/缺氧预适应是一种通过暴露于短暂和可控的缺血或缺氧环境,诱导机体产生对随后的长时间缺血或缺氧损伤的耐受性,从而实现神经保护的重要策略。近年来,随着对脑血管疾病及其相关病理机制的深入研究,缺血/缺氧预适应作为一种潜在的神经保护策略,受到广泛关注。脑组织对缺血/缺氧的耐受能力是决定脑卒中预后和神经功能恢复的关键因素,而缺血/缺氧预适应通过多种途径对脑神经元及其周围环境进行保护,为神经系统疾病的治疗提供了全新思路。缺血/缺氧预适应神经保护机制复杂,其通过激活AMPK和PI3K/Akt通路,增强神经元的存活能力。此外,缺血/缺氧预适应还可通过调控线粒体功能、减少活性氧生成、调节钙离子稳态以及抑制细胞凋亡等途径,对神经元发挥保护作用。同时,缺血/缺氧预适应能够诱导热激蛋白和抗氧化酶的表达,加强其在缺血/缺氧条件下的神经保护效果。与此同时,IPC/HPC还可通过调节神经胶质细胞的功能,改善神经元-胶质细胞相互作用,维持神经微环境的稳定性。
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