Objective: To investigate the damage of neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃) exposure on mitochondria of astrocytes (AST) and the role of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) in it. Methods: AST was extracted from SD rats within 3 days of birth, and the specific expression of GFAP was identified by immunofluorescence. CCK8 kit was used to detect the cell survival rate after neodymium oxide exposure. DCFH-DA probe was used to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species; MitoSOX Red was used to detect the reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by Rhodamine 123. The live cell staining markers F-actin, β-tubulin and mitochondria were used to observe the structure, quantity and mitochondrial transmission of TNTs. Results: The extracted astrocytes specifically expressed GFAP; the optimal exposure dose and time were determined by cell viability testing to be 10 μg/mL Nd₂O₃ and 12 hours. After Nd₂O₃ exposure, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were significantly increased, and the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased; the structure of TNTs in AST-AST was dominated by F-actin; and after Nd₂O₃ exposure, the number of TNTs in ASTs was increased, while TNTs mediated mitochondrial transmission in ASTs after Nd₂O₃ exposure. Conclusion: The increased level of oxidative stress in AST caused by Nd₂O₃ has been demonstrated to trigger mitochondrial damage and to mediate intercellular mitochondrial transmission via TNTs.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between ABCG2 ( rs2231142 ) allele distribution and hyperuricemia (HUA) in men in Inner Mongolia. Methods: A case-control study was conducted to select 408 males who underwent physical examination in the physical examination center of the Fourth Hospital of Baotou from September 2023 to April 2024, including 202 cases in HUA group and 204 cases in non-HUA group. KASP-competitive allele-specific PCR was used to detect gene polymorphism. The χ² test was used for comparison between allele groups, and the relationship between allele and male HUA was analyzed by Logistic regression. Results: The distribution frequencies of alleles G and T of ABCG2 (rs2231142) locus in the HUA group were 65.3% and 34.7% respectively, while those in the non-HUA group were 71.8% and 28.2% respectively. There was a difference in the frequency distribution between the two groups (P=0.047). The minor allele T was associated with HUA in men, and compared with men carrying allele G, men carrying allele T had an increased risk of HUA (OR=1.358, 95%CI: 1.005-1.836). Stratified analysis of age showed that minor allele T was associated with the occurrence of HUA in men aged 40-60 years old, which was the influencing factor of HUA in men of this age group (OR=1.477, 95%CI:1.003-2.173). Conclusion: In the male population in Inner Mongolia, the T allele of ABCG2 (rs2231142) locus presents a relatively higher proportion in individuals with HUA. The minor allele T is associated with an increased risk of HUA in local males, and this risk association is more significant in men aged 40 to 60 years.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and distribution of congenital heart disease (CHD) among preschool children in the Baotou region, and to provide relevant references for the prevention and early treatment of CHD in Baotou City, as well as foundational data for future genetic screening efforts. Methods: In March 2022, a survey of CHD cases was conducted among 5 372 preschool children in some public kindergartens and pediatric departments of local hospitals in the Baotou region of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. All children were examined using echocardiography, and the results of the ultrasound were used as the diagnostic criteria. Results: Out of the 5372 children surveyed, 5326 completed the survey. Among them, 44 cases of CHD were identified (0.83%). There were 26 male patients, accounting for 0.94%, and 18 female patients, accounting for 0.70%. Logistic regression analysis and related influencing factors analysis showed that family history of CHD [OR≈2.78(1.12-6.89)], history of hypertension [OR≈12.45(6.32-24.53)], nationality [OR≈5.67(2.45-13.12)] and early pregnancy exposure were risk factors for CHD in children. Conclusion: The prevalence of CHD in children in Baotou region is higher than the national level. The number of Han children with CHD is different from that of Mongolian children. Family history and early exposure history of pregnant women are important risk factors for CHD in children.

Objective: To observe the intervention effect of total flavonoids of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (TFH) on inflammatory response in atopic dermatitis (AD) model mice. Mechods: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group, AD model group and TFH intervention group, 10 mice in each group. The mice in the AD model group and TFH intervention group were treated with 2 nmol/L MC903 on the back skin of the left ear once a day for 14 days, and the mice in the normal control group were treated with the same volume of absolute ethanol once a day for 14 days. From the 7th day, 1% TFH emulsion 20 μg was applied to the left ear back skin of mice in the TFH intervention group for 8 days. The thickness of the left ear was monitored and the severity of the lesion was evaluated. The draining lymph nodes were weighed, and the morphological changes of the lesion were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and toluidine blue (TB) staining. The morphological parameters were counted, and the levels of IgE, IL-6 and MDC in serum were detected. Results: Compared with the AD model group, the inflammation score of the TFH intervention group was significantly reduced (P＜0.01), the thickness of the whole layer of the left ear skin and the skin epithelium showed a significant thinning (P＜0.01), the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the dermis of the skin was reduced, the number of mast cells was significantly reduced (P＜0.01), the weight of the draining lymph nodes was significantly reduced (P＜0.01), and the levels of serum IgE, IL-6 and MDC were significantly reduced (P＜0.01). Conclusion: External application of TFH can reduce the inflammatory response in AD model mice.

Professor Bai Changchuan inherited the system of syndrome differentiation based on prescriptions and syndromes, the doctrines of Zhongjing, and the achievements of famous scholars throughout history. On the basis of Li Gao's academic thought of "internal injury to the spleen and stomach" among the Four Great Masters of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, he integrated and mastered it.Focusing on the current changes in the natural environment, social factors, human lifestyles and dietary structures, the types and syndrome types of diseases also change accordingly.In the process of clinical diagnosis and treatment experience and reflection, a systematic theory of "Indigestion of Spleen and Stomach, Caucusing Various Diseases" has been formed in clinical practice.Professor Bai Changchuan discovered during his clinical treatment of heart failure patients that the theory of "Indigestion of Spleen and Stomach" is closely related to the onset and development of heart failure. He achieved excellent therapeutic effects in treating heart failure based on the spleen and stomach theory.This article aims to explore Professor Bai Changchuan's experience in treating chronic heart failure by applying the academic thought that "Indigestion of Spleen and Stomach, Caucusing Various Diseases", providing a theoretical basis for the subsequent standardized treatment of heart failure.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of Dayuanyin Huazhu decoction combined with calcium dobesilate in the treatment of patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Methods: From August 2021 to October 2022, 50 patients (100 eyes) diagnosed with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology were selected. According to the random number remainder grouping method, they were divided into western medicine control group (group A, simple oral administration of western medicine calcium dobesilate capsules, 25 cases with 50 eyes) and combined medication study group (group B, oral administration of Dayuanyin Huazhuo decoction combined with calcium dobesilate capsules, 25 cases with 50 eyes). The changes of blood glucose (fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin) before and after 12 weeks of treatment, best corrected distant vision, number of fundus microangiomas, bleeding and exudation area, and TCM syndrome scores were compared between the two groups were observed and recorded. Results: During the medication period, the blood glucose control of the subjects remained stable. After 12 weeks of treatment, the overall effective rates of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for Group A and Group B were 72.00% and 80.00%, respectively; the overall effective rates for improvement in fundus symptoms (including the number of microaneurysms, bleeding, and area of exudation) were 68.00% and 80.00%, respectively, with Group B showing significantly better results than Group A (P＜0.05). The overall effective rates of traditional Chinese medicine symptom efficacy for Group A and Group B were 64.00% and 84.00%, respectively, also indicating Group B performed better than Group A (P＜0.05). The decrease in fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels in Group B is significantly greater than that in Group A (inter-group comparison for fasting blood glucose P=0.0058, inter-group comparison for glycated hemoglobin P=0.035).Group B outperformed Group A in improving fundus lesions, vision, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and traditional Chinese medicine symptom scores (P＜0.05). Conclusion: The combination of traditional Chinese medicine Da Yuan Drink for clearing turbidity and the Western medicine calcium p-hydroxybenzenesulfonate has shown good efficacy in the treatment of NPDR, and it is worth promoting in clinical applications.

Objective: To observe the morphological characteristics of the glutamatergic projection pathway from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) to the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus (PF) in mice. Methods: Firstly, the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT2)-positive neurons in the vlPAG was observed by retrogradely trans-monosynaptic labeling with the retrograde virus (RV) in vGluT2-Cre mice. Then fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to observe RV and vGluT2-positive neurons. Results: (1)After injecting RV into the PF of vGluT2-Cre mice, RV retrograde labeled neurons were observed in the rostral and caudal segments of the vlPAG. (2)By FISH staining, it was observed that vGluT2-positive neurons and RV were co-labeled in vlPAG, and the number of double labels accounted for 33.2±8.7% of RV. Conclusion: The vGluT2-positive neurons in the vlPAG sent fiber projections to the PF, and form monosynaptic connections with vGluT2-positive neurons in the PF.

Objective: To explore the mechanism by which pressure affects osteogenesis of dura mater cells through the FAK-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Methods: After osteogenic induction of dura mater cells, the morphological changes of the cells were observed under an inverted microscope. Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase staining were used to evaluate the formation of calcium nodules. The mRNA expression levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (AKT) under pressure intervention were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression levels of p-AKT, PI3K, and p-FAK proteins in the FAK-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway under pressure intervention were detected by Western blot. Results: After osteogenic induction, the morphological characteristics of dura mater cells changed significantly, gradually transforming from fusiform to short fusiform or polygonal, with elongated and flattened cell bodies and significantly increased cell and nuclear volumes. The results of alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase staining showed that the cell staining was significantly deepened after osteogenic induction. Under pressure stimulation, the mRNA levels of AKT, PI3K, and FAK in dura mater cells and the protein expression levels of p-AKT, PI3K, and p-FAK were all increased. The expression levels of osteogenesis-related proteins osteocalcin (OCN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly upregulated. Conclusion: After osteogenic induction of dura mater cells, the number of osteogenic nodules increased over time. The mechanism may be achieved by activating the FAK-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, thereby increasing the expression of osteogenesis-related proteins.

Objective: To investigate the expression changes of thioredoxin (Trx) system in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) -induced psoriasis-like cell model, and to reveal its potential role in inflammation and oxidative damage of cell model. Methods: Human keratinocyte HaCaT cells were induced with TNF-α to establish a psoriasis-like inflammatory cell model. Cells were divided into a control group and a TNF-α model group. The CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation rate, ELISA was applied to measure inflammatory cytokine expression and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and Western blot was performed to analyze the protein expression of thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Results: Compared with the control group, the expression of TrxR in the TNF-α model group was decreased (P＜0.05); the expression of Trx-1 showed a downward trend, but there was no statistical significance; cell proliferation was increased (P＜0.001); the expression levels of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-22 were increased (P＜0.001); the level of ROS was increased (P＜0.001). Conclusion: TNF-α can induce the decrease of TrxR expression in human epidermal keratinocytes, and increase the proliferation, inflammation and oxidative stress of epidermal keratinocytes, suggesting that abnormal expression of Trx system may be involved in TNF-α-induced psoriasis-like oxidative-inflammatory injury process.

Objective: To explore the application value of ultrasound images based on radiomics in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Methods: SD rats were randomly divided into control and model groups. Liver fibrosis was induced in the model group by intraperitoneal injection of 40% carbon tetrachloride-olive oil suspension, while controls received equal saline. Ultrasound imaging was performed on liver sections without obvious vascular structures. After imaging, rats were euthanized and liver tissues were collected for HE staining. Pathological evaluation was conducted according to the liver fibrosis staging criteria (Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Viral Hepatitis), which served as the gold standard to validate the diagnostic efficacy of the ultrasound-based radiomics model. Radiomics features were selected using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method, and a logistic regression model was constructed. Diagnostic performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis. Results: A total of 34 rats were finally enrolled for radiomics analysis, including 28 in the model group and 6 in the control group. 477 radiomics features were extracted from each rat. After LASSO analysis, two key radiomics features were selected: X20:gray level co-occurrence matrix contrast (GLCM) and X187:small area prominent (SAE). The area under the ROC curve was 0.929(95%CI, 0.843-1), the sensitivity was 0.929(95%CI, 0.833-1), the specificity was 0.800(95%CI, 0.552-1), the positive predictive value was 0.929(95%CI, 0.833-1), the negative predictive value was 0.800(95%CI, 0.552-1), and the F1 score was 0.929. Conclusion: The ultrasound radiomics model has a good fit between the predicted probability and the actual probability of liver fibrosis, and has the potential for clinical application.

Objective: To investigate the correlation among levator hiatus size, duration of the second stage of labor, and mode of delivery in primiparous women during late pregnancy, and to provide evidence for clinical decision-making on delivery mode selection. Methods: A total of 330 singleton primiparas with 36-40 weeks of gestation who underwent routine prenatal examinations in our hospital from January 2022 to March 2025 were prospectively enrolled. Transperineal real-time three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasound was performed to measure the anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, and area of the levator hiatus at rest, during Valsalva maneuver, and active anal contraction. According to the final delivery mode, the subjects were divided into the vaginal delivery group (n=197) and the intrapartum cesarean section group (n=108). Statistical analyses were conducted using Pearson correlation coefficient and independent samples t-test to explore the correlations among levator hiatus parameters, duration of the second stage of labor, and delivery mode. Results: Compared with the intrapartum cesarean section group, the vaginal delivery group had significantly larger anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, and area of the levator hiatus at rest, during anal contraction, and Valsalva maneuver. In the vaginal delivery group, the anteroposterior diameter and area of the levator hiatus at rest and during Valsalva maneuver were negatively correlated with the duration of the second stage of labor. Conclusions: Levator hiatus size and duration of the second stage of labor are closely associated with the delivery mode in primiparous women. A smaller levator hiatus may increase the difficulty of vaginal delivery and elevate the risk of intrapartum cesarean section. Pelvic floor ultrasound-derived levator hiatus parameters in late pregnancy can serve as predictive indicators for delivery mode, which is beneficial for precise obstetric management and individualized delivery plan formulation.

Objective: To investigate the expression of multiple serum tumor markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its relationship with glucose and lipid metabolism. Methods: A total of 128 patients with T2DM admitted to Binzhou Central Hospital from June 2018 to May 2020 were divided into simple diabetes group (n=72) and complication group (n=56) according to the presence or absence of complications, and the subjects who underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group (n=50). The differences of serum tumor markers and glucose and lipid metabolism indexes in each group were compared, and the correlation between various tumor markers and glucose and lipid metabolism indexes in T2DM patients was observed. Results: Compared with the control group, the levels of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FIN), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the simple diabetes group and the complication group were increased (P＜0.05), and those in the complication group were higher than those in the simple diabetes group (P＜0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the levels of serum CA19-9, CA15-3 and CEA in T2DM patients were positively correlated with the levels of glucose and lipid metabolism indexes FBG, HbA1c, FIN, HOMA-IR, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C (P＜0.05). Conclusion: The levels of serum CA19-9, CA15-3 and CEA in patients with T2DM are increased, and the degree of increase is positively correlated with the degree of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, which can be used as an auxiliary index to judge the condition of T2DM.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between serum CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12,16, homocysteine (Hcy) levels and infarct size and short-term prognosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Methods: Eighty-six patients with acute cerebral infarction who were hospitalized in Xuchang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from March 2021 to December 2023 were selected as the study group. The infarct size of the patients was calculated and the short-term prognosis was tracked. In addition, the healthy subjects admitted to our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group (n=86). The levels of serum CXCL12, CXCL16 and Hcy were compared between the two groups at admission. The levels of serum CXCL12, CXCL16 and Hcy in patients with different infarct size and prognosis at admission were compared, and their correlation and predictive efficacy for prognosis were analyzed. Results: Compared with the control group, the serum levels of CXCL12, CXCL16, and Hcy were significantly elevated in the study group (P＜0.05). Upon admission, the serum levels of CXCL12, CXCL16, and Hcy were higher in patients with severe infarction than those with moderate infarction, which were in turn higher than those in patients with mild infarction (P＜0.05). There was a positive correlation between the serum levels of CXCL12, CXCL16, and Hcy and the infarct size at admission (r=0.647, 0.651, 0.667, respectively, P＜0.05). The levels of serum CXCL12, CXCL16 and Hcy in patients with poor prognosis were significantly higher than those in patients with good prognosis (P＜0.05). The combined efficacy of serum CXCL12, CXCL16 and Hcy levels at admission to predict poor prognosis was 0.782. Conclusion: The levels of serum CXCL12, CXCL16, and Hcy are correlated with the infarct size and prognosis of patients with acute cerebral infarction, and the prognosis of patients can be predicted by detecting their levels.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between mild gastroenteritis with benign infantile convulsions (BICE) and serum iron, zinc, calcium and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in children, and to provide valuable reference information for further understanding the pathogenesis of BICE and optimizing its clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies. Methods: Forty children with BICE admitted to Baotou Fourth Hospital from October 2023 to October 2024 were selected as the BICE group, and 40 children with mild gastroenteritis admitted to the hospital during the same period were selected as the simple gastroenteritis group (control group). The expression levels of serum iron, zinc, calcium and IL-6 were compared between the two groups, and the correlation between the frequency and duration of convulsions in the BICE group and the levels of serum iron, zinc, calcium and IL-6 was analyzed. Results: The levels of serum iron, zinc and calcium in BICE group were lower than those in simple gastroenteritis group (all P＜0.05), while the level of serum IL-6 was higher than that in simple gastroenteritis group (P＜0.05). The levels of serum iron, zinc and calcium in children with seizure frequency ≥2 times and duration ≥5 min were lower than those in children with seizure frequency ＜2 times and duration ＜5 min (all P＜0.05), while the level of serum IL-6 was higher than that in children with seizure frequency ＜2 times and duration ＜5min (all P＜0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the frequency and duration of seizures were negatively correlated with serum iron, zinc and calcium levels (all P＜0.05), and positively correlated with serum IL-6 level (all P＜0.05). Conclusion: The decrease of serum iron, zinc and calcium levels and the increase of IL-6 level are closely related to the occurrence of BICE.

Objective: To explore the impact of nasogastric fixation of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube for hemostasis method on the efficacy, adverse reactions and anxiety of patients with liver cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: A total of 77 inpatients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to liver cirrhosis admitted to the East District of Baotou Central Hospital from January 2017 to June 2024 were selected. They were divided into Group A (26 inpatients) using nasogastric fixation of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube for hemostasis, Group B (26 inpatients) using traditional suspension fixation of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube for hemostasis, and Group C (25 inpatients) using medication alone for hemostasis. Patients in group A and group B were treated with the same drug as group C at the same time. The effects of anxiety symptoms (Hamilton Anxiety Scale), catheterization and adverse reactions before and after treatment were compared between group A and group B, as well as the clinical efficacy and hemostatic effect of the three groups. Results: After treatment, the anxiety symptom of group A was significantly lower than that of group B (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in hemostatic efficiency between group A and group B, but it was higher than that in group C (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the success rate of one-time catheterization between group A and group B. The average catheterization time of group A was 14.38±1.92, which was significantly lower than that of group B (P＜0.05). The incidence of intolerance, chest tightness, postural limitation discomfort, and nasal mucosal injury in group A were 30.80%, 15.40%, 26.90%, and 23.10%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in group B (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Compared to the traditional suspension fixation of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube for hemostasis, the nasogastric fixation of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube for hemostasis is convenient and simple, improves the patient's comfort, reduces the anxiety symptoms, and reduces the incidence of complications. And compared with the simple drug hemostasis effect, it is suitable for promotion and application in primary hospitals.

Objective: To explore the effect of nursing management based on Assessment-Communication-Monitoring-Patient-Environment (ACMPE) combined with core stable muscle group training on postoperative rehabilitation of lumbar fracture. Methods: A total of 104 patients with lumbar fractures admitted to Ziyun Miao and Buyi Autonomous County People's Hospital from March 2023 to May 2024 were selected. and they were divided into an intervention group and a control group. The control group received routine rehabilitation, whereas the intervention group received additional ACMPE-based nursing management combined with core stable muscle group training. The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), activities of daily living (ADL) immediately after operation and 7 d, 30 d and 90 d after operation, and rehabilitation satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: There was no significant difference in QBPDS, ODI, JOA and ADL scores between the two groups immediately after operation (P＞0.05). The QBPDS and ODI scores of the intervention group were lower than those of the control group at 7 d, 30 d and 90 d after operation, and the JOA and ADL scores were higher than those of the control group (P＜0.05). At 90 days after operation, the rehabilitation satisfaction rate of the intervention group was 94.23%, which was higher than 80.77% of the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion: ACMPE-based nursing management combined with core stable muscle group training can effectively relieve pain, improve lumbar function, improve patients' daily living ability and satisfaction with rehabilitation.

Persistent primary vitreous hyperplasia is a rare congenital disease with different clinical manifestations. It is often confused with other leukocoria, and the misdiagnosis rate is high. This case of PHPV combined with long axial length is rarely reported in the literature, which opens up new ideas for clinical work. The long axis of PHPV subverts our traditional understanding of the disease, so we need to further explore it. The patient was diagnosed after adulthood and underwent combined anterior and posterior surgery in our hospital. The anatomical structure of the eye recovered well after surgery, but the best time for treatment was delayed and the recovery of visual function was poor.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. The main pathological features of PD are the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the formation of Lewy bodies. Although the current drugs for PD can alleviate symptoms to a certain extent, they still cannot cure the disease, and it is difficult to improve non-motor symptoms such as depression, sleep disorders, and cognitive impairment caused by PD. Moreover, long-term drug administration may induce significant adverse effects. Paeonol, a phenolic compound characterized by its simple molecular structure and high lipophilicity, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier to exert neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. These effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory properties, inhibition of apoptotic pathways, and enhancement of mitophagy. Within a specific concentration range, paeonol has been shown to mitigate mitochondrial oxidative stress, attenuate neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction, maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, and thereby demonstrate neuroprotective efficacy.