低氧预适应是通过亚致死的低氧处理后,激活体内小分子内源性保护机制,让机体对接下来的更严重或致死性低氧刺激产生耐受/抗性。神经细胞是一种能接收和传导兴奋的细胞,对氧含量的变化十分敏感,其能量代谢随氧气变化较为显著。在低氧环境下,神经细胞的腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosinetriphosphate,ATP)合成减少可激活AMP激活的蛋白激酶[adenosine5’-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase,AMPK]和TSC1/TSC2复合体抑制哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)。mTOR的一个复合物mTOR复合体1(mTORC1)的表达对机体的能量代谢产生影响。低氧预适应,通过激活或抑制一些基因表达让神经细胞有效利用氧气,使机体产生低氧耐受。在氧浓度低的生存环境下,通过低氧预适应调节能量变化增加机体存活的可能性。高原、航空航天事业、水下作业以及病理性的低氧时,低氧预适应诱导相关分子变化可防止对氧有大量需求的脑组织发生病变,增加神经细胞的存活时间,减少死亡。
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