Risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia in infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a Meta-analysis

HE Dingfeng; LI Huimin

doi:10.16833/j.cnki.jbmc.2026.02.014

Journal of Baotou Medical College >

2026 , Vol. 42 >Issue 2: 78 - 85

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16833/j.cnki.jbmc.2026.02.014

Risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia in infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a Meta-analysis

HE Dingfeng ,
LI Huimin

Expand

1. Baotou Medical College,Baotou 014040,China;
2. The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College,Baotou

Received date: 2025-10-13

Online published: 2026-04-22

Fold

Abstract

Objective: To systematically evaluate the risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia in infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Electronic searches were performed in CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to identify studies on risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia in GDM offspring, with the search period spanning from database inception to June 2025. Literature screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment of included studies were independently conducted by two researchers. Meta-analyses were performed using Stata 17.0 and RevMan 5.4 software. Results: A total of Thirty-four retrospective case-control studies were included, with a total sample size of 9 679 participants. Meta-analysis findings revealed that pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, preterm birth, low birth weight, neonatal hypothermia, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), antenatal BMI, poor antenatal glycemic control, cesarean delivery, advanced maternal age, neonatal asphyxia, inappropriate feeding practices, gestational hypertension, insufficient lactation, fructosamine, higher neonatal birth weight, and macrosomia were significant correlates (P＜0.001). Conclusion: Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity, elevated HbA1c, increased antenatal BMI, neonatal asphyxia, insufficient lactation, elevated fructosamine, high neonatal birth weight, macrosomia, preterm birth, low birth weight, neonatal hypothermia, elevated AGEs, poor antenatal glycemic control, cesarean delivery, advanced maternal age, gestational hypertension, and inappropriate feeding practices may constitute risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia in infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Key words： Gestational diabetes mellitus; Neonatal hypoglycemia; Risk factors; Meta-analysis

Cite this article

HE Dingfeng , LI Huimin . Risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia in infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a Meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Baotou Medical College, 2026 , 42(2) : 78 -85 . DOI: 10.16833/j.cnki.jbmc.2026.02.014

References

[1] Kautzky-Willer A, Winhofer Y, Kiss H, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus (update 2023)[J]. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2023, 135(Suppl 1): 115-128.
[2] Torres-Torres J, Monroy-Munoz IE, Perez-Duran J, et al. Cellular and molecular pathophysiology of gestational diabetes[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(21): 11641.
[3] Wang H, Li NH, Chivese T, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group′s criteria[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2022, 183: 109050.
[4] Sweeting A, Wong J, Murphy HR, et al. A clinical update on gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. Endocr Rev, 2022, 43(5): 763-793.
[5] Lee J, Lee NK, Moon JH. Gestational diabetes mellitus: mechanisms underlying maternal and fetal complications[J]. Endocrinol Metab, 2025, 40(1): 10-25.
[6] Ekanem EE, Fajola AO, Ande AB, et al. Care of the sick newborn in a cottage hospital level in a developing country[J]. Niger Med J, 2020, 61(4): 206-209.
[7] Laing D, Walsh E, Alsweiler J M, et al. Oral diazoxide versus placebo for severe or recurrent neonatal hypoglycaemia: Neonatal Glucose Care Optimisation (NeoGluCO) study-a randomised controlled trial[J]. BMJ Open, 2022, 12(8): e059452.
[8] 邵肖梅, 叶鸿瑁, 丘小汕. 实用新生儿学[M]. 5版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2019: 909-912.
[9] Pearce M, Garcla L, Abbas A, et al. Association between physical activity and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Psychiatry, 2022, 79(6): 550-559.
[10] 肖益, 潘宇帆, 戴雨, 等. 中国超重/肥胖儿童青少年非酒精性脂肪性肝病患病率及危险因素的Meta分析[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2025, 27(4): 410-419.
[11] Egger M, Davey S G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test[J]. BMJ, 1997, 315(7109): 629-634.
[12] 龙天舒, 刘东芳, 李振. 血清AGE、GLP-1、lncRNA MALAT1对GDM孕妇分娩低血糖新生儿的预测价值[J]. 中南医学科学杂志, 2025, 53(3): 535-538.
[13] 潘迎宾, 隋莹莹, 刘春颖. GDM患者新生儿低血糖危险因素分析及风险模型构建[J]. 中国计划生育学杂志, 2025, 33(2): 425-428, 433.
[14] 李焕敏, 曹宁宁, 姚英英, 等. 妊娠糖尿病剖宫产孕妇产后24 h新生儿血糖水平影响因素及低血糖风险预测[J]. 当代护士(上旬刊), 2024, 31(5): 155-159.
[15] 葛慧仙, 冯秀梅. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇分娩的新生儿早期血糖变化及低血糖发生的相关影响因素[J]. 中国实用医刊, 2024, 23(3): 54-57.
[16] 黎国春, 周春兰. GDM孕妇血清甲状腺激素、25-羟维生素D水平与新生儿低血糖关系[J]. 中国计划生育学杂志, 2024, 32(2): 455-459.
[17] 裴营菲, 牛和平, 赵会丹. 首次应用胰岛素GDM孕妇分娩新生儿发生低血糖的危险因素分析[J]. 现代临床医学, 2023, 49(5): 356-358, 369.
[18] 徐珊珊, 赵晓红, 韩宇洲, 等. 妊娠期糖尿病孕妇分娩新生儿血糖水平变化情况及其低血糖的影响因素分析[J]. 华南预防医学, 2023, 49(4): 440-443, 448.
[19] 史晓菲, 张春艳, 张慧影. 妊娠期糖尿病新生儿出现低血糖的影响因素分析及护理干预建议[J]. 黑龙江医学, 2023, 47(1): 92-94, 104.
[20] 陈黎慧, 徐超英, 吴婷婷, 等. 妊娠期糖尿病母亲所娩新生儿低血糖的危险因素分析及风险模型构建[J]. 蚌埠医学院学报, 2023, 48 (10): 1441-1444, 1450.
[21] 袁二伟, 朱雷, 许津莉, 等. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇脐血FTM、AGE水平与新生儿低血糖的相关性研究[J]. 河北医科大学学报, 2023, 44(11): 1312-1316.
[22] 宋渊丽, 刘华, 杨玲玲, 等. 妊娠晚期血糖波动性及血清晚期糖基化终末产物水平与新生儿低血糖的相关性[J]. 医学临床研究, 2022, 39(3): 442-444.
[23] 黄玉秋, 戴骏骏, 陈芳. 妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血清GA、Visfatin、C肽水平与新生儿低血糖的影响[J]. 中国病案, 2022, 23(3): 106-110.
[24] 林玉婷, 杨婷, 李晓勤, 等. 妊娠期糖尿病患者血清果糖胺水平对新生儿低血糖发生的影响[J]. 中国计划生育和妇产科, 2022, 14(2): 80-84.
[25] 王雪梅, 姜书彦. 妊娠期糖尿病患者分娩后新生儿发生低血糖的风险因素及干预策略[J]. 中西医结合护理(中英文), 2022, 8(4): 94-96.
[26] 应音, 孙丽丽, 贝丽君, 等. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇分娩新生儿低血糖的危险因素分析[J]. 中华危重症医学杂志(电子版), 2022, 15(3): 226-229.
[27] 金颖, 张乐, 冯素文. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇分娩的新生儿发生低血糖预测模型构建[J]. 护理与康复, 2022, 21(6): 1-5.
[28] 李聪慧, 郭爱英, 吴波等. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇分娩的新生儿出生24 h低血糖发生原因及护理对策[J]. 齐鲁护理杂志, 2022, 28(15): 126-129.
[29] 于彦, 于珊. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇的新生儿出生24h低血糖发生的独立危险因素分析及护理干预的对策[J]. 生命科学仪器, 2022, 20(1): 471-475.
[30] 林平, 徐玲, 李娟, 等. GDM产妇发生新生儿低血糖风险预测模型研究[J]. 中国优生与遗传杂志, 2022, 30(12): 2171-2174.
[31] 李春亚, 董霞, 黄艳. 妊娠糖尿病孕妇发生新生儿低血糖的相关因素分析[J]. 河南医学研究, 2021, 30(33): 6237-6239.
[32] 黄诗韵, 马翠, 丁新. 妊娠期糖尿病患者分娩的新生儿发生低血糖的分娩期危险因素分析[J]. 医学综述, 2021, 27(12): 2483-2486.
[33] 钟俊炎. 妊娠期糖尿病子代发生低血糖的影响因素分析[J]. 中国医学创新, 2020, 17(24): 48-52.
[34] 顾信佳, 俞君, 吴静. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇分娩新生儿早期血糖变化及影响低血糖发生的危险因素研究[J]. 中国妇幼保健, 2020, 35(14): 2635-2637.
[35] 刘永红, 杜炜. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇分娩新生儿早期血糖变化及低血糖的高危因素[J]. 母婴世界, 2020(30): 100-101.
[36] 姜书. 妊娠期糖尿病新生儿发生低血糖的产科危险因素分析[J]. 航空航天医学杂志, 2019, 30(7): 821-822.
[37] 许旭, 李俊林. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇分娩的新生儿低血糖发生率及产科危险因素分析[J]. 川北医学院学报, 2019, 34(4): 419-422.
[38] 李兰, 程碧辉. GDM产妇分娩的新生儿发生低血糖的产科因素及护理对策探究[J]. 中医临床研究, 2019, 11(31): 134-136.
[39] 张红玲. 妊娠期糖尿病新生儿发生低血糖的产科危险因素探讨[J]. 基层医学论坛, 2018, 22(34): 4816-4817.
[40] 卫淑芳, 魏璐璐. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇的新生儿发生低血糖的危险因素分析[J]. 医学理论与实践, 2017, 30(10): 1496-1497.
[41] 邓云. 妊娠期糖尿病新生儿低血糖影响因素分析[J]. 实验与检验医学, 2016, 34(2): 233-234, 260.
[42] 周意园. 妊娠期糖尿病产妇分娩的新生儿发生低血糖的产科因素分析[J]. 中国妇幼保健, 2016, 31(1): 60-61.
[43] 陈梅, 包艾荣, 齐静, 等. 妊娠期糖尿病母亲的新生儿发生低血糖的产科危险因素[J]. 中华围产医学杂志, 2015, 18(1): 51-54.
[44] Cao Y, Yang Y, Liu L, et al. Analysis of risk factors of neonatal hypoglycemia and its correlation with blood glucose control of gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study[J]. Medicine, 2023, 102(35): e34619.
[45] Thevarajah A, Simmons D. Risk factors and outcomes for neonatal hypoglycaemia and neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus: a single centre retrospective 3-year review[J]. Diabet Med, 2019, 36(9): 1109-1117.
[46] Pintaudi B, Fresa R, Dalfra M, et al. The risk stratification of adverse neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes (STRONG) study[J]. Acta Diabetol, 2018, 55(12): 1261-1273.
[47] Liu Y, Wang M X, Zhou J. Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Neonatal Birth Outcomes[J]. Br J Hosp Med, 2024, 85(11): 1-12.
[48] Arimitsu T, Kasuga Y, Ikenoue S, et al. Risk factors of neonatal hypoglycemia in neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes[J]. Endocr J, 2023, 70(5): 511-517.
[49] El-Khawam R, Dumpa V, Islam S, et al. Early blood glucose screening in asymptomatic high-risk neonates[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2024, 37(8): 686-692.
[50] Salum SS, Kalabamu FS, Fataki MR, et al. Asymptomatic hypoglycemia among preterm newborns: A cross-sectional analysis[J]. PLoS One, 2024, 19(4): e0301803.
[51] Wang DD, Zhou XC, Ning J, et al. Risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia: a meta-analysis[J]. BMC Endocr Disord, 2024, 24(1): 166.
[52] Bouchghoul H, Mokhtari DM, Letourneau A, et al. Risk of hypoglycemia by anthropometric measurements in neonates of mothers with diabetes[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2022, 181(9): 3483-3490.
[53] Gill SK, Peterson RR, Christ JH, et al. Early neonatal hypoglycemia in exclusively breastfed babies in a developing country-India[J]. J Family Med Prim Care, 2023, 12(11): 2835-2839.
[54] Zhou W, Yu J, Wu YQ, et al. Hypoglycemia incidence and risk factors assessment in hospitalized neonates[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2015, 28(4): 422-425.
[55] Kebede SD, Kassaw A, Aytenew TM, et al. Prevalence of prolonged transitional neonatal hypoglycemia and associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. PLoS One, 2025, 20(2): e0316464.
[56] 高广云, 王靖, 张俊平, 等. 妊娠期高血糖孕妇孕晚期初乳收集的安全性及产后母乳喂养评价[J]. 复旦学报(医学版), 2025, 52(2): 225-231.
[57] Kodama S, Yamada T, Yagyuda N, et al. Comparison of the ability to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus between glycated albumin or fructosamine and hemoglobin A1c-a meta-analysis of diagnostic studies[J]. Syst Rev, 2025, 14(1): 144.
[58] Khalid M, Petroianu G, Adem A. Advanced glycation end products and diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and perspectives[J]. Biomolecules, 2022, 12(4): 542.

Options

Outlines

模态框（Modal）标题

Abstract

Cite this article

References