[1] Comai S, Bertazzo A, Brughera M, et al. Tryptophan in health and disease[J]. Adv Clin Chem, 2020, 95: 165-218.
[2] Joisten N, Ruas JL, Braidy N, et al. The kynurenine pathway in chronic diseases: a compensatory mechanism or a driving force[J]. Trends Mol Med, 2021, 27(10): 946-954.
[3] Kozlova A, Frederick R. Current state on tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors: a patent review[J]. Expert Opin Ther Pat, 2019, 29(1): 11-23.
[4] Sekine A, Fukuwatari T. Acute liver failure increases kynurenic acid production in rat brain via changes in tryptophan metabolism in the periphery[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2019, 701: 14-19.
[5] Nematollahi A, Sun G, Jayawickrama GS, et al. Kynurenine aminotransferase isozyme inhibitors: a review[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2016, 17(6): 946.
[6] Balog E, Jenei G, Gellért L, et al. Species-specific neuronal localization of kynurenine aminotransferase-2 in the mouse cerebellum[J]. Neurochem Int, 2021, 142: 104920.
[7] Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Imbeault S, et al. The kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2017, 112: 297-306.
[8] Albuquerque EX, Schwarcz R. Kynurenic acid as an antagonist of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain: facts and challenges[J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 2013, 85(8): 1027-1032.
[9] Németh H, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Role of kynurenines in the central and peripheral nervous systems[J]. Curr Neurovasc Res, 2005, 2(3): 249-260.
[10] Robinson KSL, Stewart AM, Cachat J, et al. Psychopharmacological effects of acute exposure to kynurenic acid (KYNA) in zebrafish[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2013, 108: 54-60.
[11] Kindler J, Lim CK, Weickert CS, et al. Dysregulation of kynurenine metabolism is related to proinflammatory cytokines,attention,and prefrontal cortex volume in schizophrenia[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2020, 25(11): 2860-2872.
[12] Bortz DM, Wu HQ, Schwarcz R, et al. Oral administration of a specific kynurenic acid synthesis (KAT II)inhibitor attenuates evoked glutamate release in rat prefrontal cortex[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2017, 121: 69-78.
[13] Carlborg A, Jokinen J, J?nsson EG, et al. CSF kynurenic acid and suicide risk in schizophrenia spectrum psychosis[J]. Psychiatry Res, 2013, 205(1): 165-167.
[14] Ryan KM, Allers KA, McLoughlin DM, et al. Tryptophan metabolite concentrations in depressed patients before and after electroconvulsive therapy[J]. Brain Behav Immun, 2020, 83: 153-162.
[15] Sellgren CM, Imbeault S, Larsson MK, et al. GRK3 deficiency elicits brain immune activation and psychosis[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2021, 26(11) :6820-6832.
[16] Pershing ML, Phenis D, Valentini V, et al. Prenatal kynurenine exposure in rats: age-dependent changes in NMDA receptor expression and conditioned fear responding[J]. Psychopharmacology, 2016, 233(21-22): 3725-3735.
[17] Plitman E, Iwata Y, Caravaggio F, et al. Kynurenic acid in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Schizophr Bull, 2017, 43(4): 764-777.
[18] Erhardt S, Olsson SK, Engberg G. Pharmacological manipulation of kynurenic acid: potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders[J]. CNS Drugs, 2009, 23(2): 91-101.
[19] Sellgren CM, Gracias J, Jungholm O, et al. Peripheral and central levels of kynurenic acid in bipolar disorder subjects and healthy controls[J]. Transl Psychiatry, 2019, 9(1): 37.
[20] Lavebratt C, Olsson S, Backlund L, et al. The KMO allele encoding Arg452 is associated with psychotic features in bipolar disorder type 1,and with increased CSF KYNA level and reduced KMO expression[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2014, 19(3): 334-341.
[21] Tan L, Yu JT, Tan L. The kynurenine pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanistic and therapeutic considerations[J]. J Neurol Sci, 2012, 323(1): 1-8.
[22] Bohar Z, Toldi J, Fulop F, et al. Changing the face of kynurenines and neurotoxicity: therapeutic considerations[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2015, 16(5): 9772-9793.
[23] Gonzalez-Sanchez M, Jimenez J, Narvaez A, et al. Kynurenic acid levels are increased in the CSF of Alzheimer's disease patients[J]. Biomolecules, 2020, 10(4): 571.
[24] Koola MM, Nikiforuk A, Pillai A, et al. Galantamine-memantine combination superior to donepezil-memantine combination in Alzheimer's disease: critical dissection with an emphasis on kynurenic acid and mismatch negativity[J]. J Geriatr Care Res, 2018, 5(2): 57-67.
[25] Papadimitriou C, Celikkaya H, Cosacak MI, et al. 3D culture method for alzheimer's disease modeling reveals interleukin-4 rescues abeta42-induced loss of human neural stem cell plasticity[J]. Dev Cell, 2018, 46(1): 85-101.
[26] Liang YQ, Xie S, He YY, et al. Kynurenine pathway metabolites as biomarkers in alzheimer's disease[J]. Dis Markers, 2022: 9484217.
[27] Wennstrom M, Nielsen HM, Orhan F, et al. Kynurenic Acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia with lewy bodies[J]. Int J Tryptophan Res, 2014, 7: 1-7.
[28] Paul ER, Schwieler L, Erhardt S, et al. Peripheral and central kynurenine pathway abnormalities in major depression[J]. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2022, 101: 136-145.
[29] Bay-Richter C, Linderholm KR, Lim CK, et al. A role for inflammatory metabolites as modulators of the glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in depression and suicidality[J]. Brain Behav Immun, 2015, 43: 110-117.
[30] Brown SJ, Brown AM, Purves-Tyson TD, et al. Alterations in the kynurenine pathway and excitatory amino acid transporter-2 in depression with and without psychosis: evidence of a potential astrocyte pathology[J]. J Psychiatr Res, 2022, 147: 203-211.
[31] Li CC, Jiang N, Gan L, et al. Peripheral and cerebral abnormalities of the tryptophan metabolism in the depression-like rats induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress[J]. Neurochem Int, 2020, 138: 104771.
[32] Liu XC, Erhardt S, Goiny M, et al. Decreased levels of kynurenic acid in prefrontal cortex in a genetic animal model of depression[J]. Acta Neuropsychiatr, 2017, 29(1): 54-58.
[33] Tao X, Yan MZ, Wang LS, et al. Homeostasis imbalance of microglia and astrocytes leads to alteration in the metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in LPS-induced depressive-like mice[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(4): 1460.
[34] Porter GA, O'Connor JC. Chronic Unpredictable stress alters brain tryptophan metabolism and impairs working memory in mice without causing depression-like behaviour[J]. Neurol Neurobiol(Tallinn), 2021, 4(3): 1-10.
[35] Tashiro T, Murakami Y, Mouri A, et al. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase is implicated in antidepressants-responsive depressive-like behaviors and monoaminergic dysfunctions[J]. Behav Brain Res, 2017, 317: 279-285.
[36] Mori Y, Mouri A, Kunisawa K, et al. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase deficiency induces depression-like behavior via enhanced antagonism of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by kynurenic acid[J]. Behav Brain Res, 2021, 405: 113191.
[37] Sekine A, Fukuwatari T. Acute liver failure increases kynurenic acid production in rat brain via changes in tryptophan metabolism in the periphery[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2019, 701: 14-19.
[38] Hilgier W, Kocki T, Obara-Michlewska M, et al. Modulation by kynurenine of extracellular kynurenate and glutamate in cerebral cortex of rats with acute liver failure[J]. Pharmacol Reports, 2014, 66(3): 466-470.
[39] Obara-Michlewska M, Tuszynska P, Albrecht J. Ammonia upregulates kynurenine aminotransferase II mRNA expression in rat brain: a role for astrocytic NMDA receptors?[J]. Metab Brain Dis, 2013, 28(2): 161-165.
[40] Sellgren CM, Kegel ME, Bergen SE, et al. A genome-wide association study of kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: implications for psychosis and cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2016, 21(10): 1342-1350.
[41] Sas K, Robotka H, Toldi J, et al. Mitochondria, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with focus on neurodegenerative disorders[J]. J Neurol Sci, 2007, 257(1): 221-239.
[42] Jauch D, Urbanska EM, Guidetti P, et al. Dysfunction of brain kynurenic acid metabolism in Huntington's disease: focus on kynurenine aminotransferases[J]. J Neurol Sci, 1995, 130(1): 39-47.
[43] Ilzecka J, Kocki T, Stelmasiak Z, et al. Endogenous protectant kynurenic acid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[J]. Acta Neurol Scand, 2003, 107(6): 412-418.
[44] Guidetti P, Luthi-Carter RE, Augood SJ, et al. Neostriatal and cortical quinolinate levels are increased in early grade Huntington's disease[J]. Neurobiol Dis, 2004, 17(3): 455-461.
[45] Sorgdrager F, Vermeiren Y, Van Faassen M, et al. Age- and disease-specific changes of the kynurenine pathway in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease[J]. J Neurochem, 2019, 151(5): 656-668.
[46] Polyak H, Cseh EK, Bohar Z, et al. Cuprizone markedly decreases kynurenic acid levels in the rodent brain tissue and plasma[J]. Heliyon, 2021, 7(2): e6124.
[47] Sundaram G, Lim CK, Brew BJ, et al. Kynurenine pathway modulation reverses the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse disease progression[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2020, 17(1): 176.
[48] Linderholm KR, Skogh E, Olsson SK, et al. Increased levels of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia[J]. Schizophr Bull, 2012, 38(3): 426-432.
[49] Sellgren CM, Kegel ME, Bergen SE, et al. A genome-wide association study of kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: implications for psychosis and cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2016, 21(10): 1342-1350.
[50] Paul ER, Schwieler L, Erhardt S, et al. Peripheral and central kynurenine pathway abnormalities in major depression[J]. Brain Behav Immun, 2022, 101: 136-145.
[51] Wang LS, Zhang MD, Tao X, et al. LC-MS/MS-based quantification of tryptophan metabolites and neurotransmitters in the serum and brain of mice[J]. J Chromatography B, 2019, 1112: 24-32.
[52] Liu X, Erhardt S, Goiny M, et al. Decreased levels of kynurenic acid in prefrontal cortex in a genetic animal model of depression[J]. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 2017, 29(1): 54-58.
[53] Alarcan H, Chaumond R, Emond P, et al. Some CSF kynurenine pathway intermediates associated with disease evolution in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[J]. Biomolecules, 2021, 11(5).
[54] Heilman PL, Wang EW, Lewis MM, et al. Tryptophan metabolites are associated with symptoms and nigral pathology in parkinson's disease[J]. Mov Disord, 2020, 35(11): 2028-2037.
[55] Dey S, Dubey V, Banerjee Dixit A, et al. Differential levels of tryptophan–kynurenine pathway metabolites in the hippocampus,anterior temporal lobe, and neocortex in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy[J]. Cells (Basel, Switzerland), 2022, 11(22): 3560.
[56] Dey S, Banerjee DA, Tripathi M, et al. Altered hippocampal kynurenine pathway metabolism contributes to hyperexcitability in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy-hippocampal sclerosis[J]. Br J Pharmacol, 2021, 178(19): 3959-3976.
[57] Lim CK, Fernández-Gomez FJ, Braidy N, et al. Involvement of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease[J]. Prog Neurobiol, 2017, 155: 76-95.
[58] Schwarcz R, Bruno JP, Muchowski PJ, et al. Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology[J]. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2012,13(7): 465-477.
[59] Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Emanuelsson C, et al. Endogenous kynurenic acid disrupts prepulse inhibition[J]. Biol Psychiatry, 2004, 56(4): 255-260.
[60] Kadriu B, Farmer CA, Yuan P, et al. The kynurenine pathway and bipolar disorder: intersection of the monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems and immune response[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2021, 26(8): 4085-4095.
[61] Fukuwatari T. Possibility of amino acid treatment to prevent the psychiatric disorders via modulation of the production of tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(5).
[62] Behl T, Kaur I, Sehgal A, et al. The footprint of kynurenine pathway in neurodegeneration: janus-faced role in parkinson's disorder and therapeutic implications[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(13): 6737.
[63] Chen LM, Bao CH, Wu Y, et al. Tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism: a link between the gut and brain for depression in inflammatory bowel disease[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2021, 18(1): 135.
[64] Sharma R, Razdan K, Bansal Y, et al. Rollercoaster ride of kynurenines: steering the wheel towards neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Expert Opin Ther Targets, 2018, 22(10): 849-867.
[65] Hilmas C, Pereira EF, Alkondon M, et al. The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiopathological implications[J]. J Neurosci, 2001, 21(19): 7463-7473.
[66] Ramos-Chavez LA, Lugo HR, Gonzalez ED, et al. Relevance of alternative routes of kynurenic acid production in the brain[J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2018, 2018: 5272741.
[67] Wang JH, Simonavicius N, Wu XS, et al. Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan g protein-coupled receptor GPR35*[J]. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(31): 22021-22028.
[68] Siddiqui T, Bhattarai P, Popova S, et al. KYNA/Ahr signaling suppresses neural stem cell plasticity and neurogenesis in adult zebrafish model of alzheimer's disease[J]. Cells (Basel,Switzerland), 2021, 10(10): 2748.
[69] Olsson SK, Sellgren C, Engberg G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid is associated with manic and psychotic features in patients with bipolar I disorder[J]. Bipolar Disord, 2012, 14(7): 719-726.
[70] Bortz DM, Wu HQ, Schwarcz R, et al. Oral administration of a specific kynurenic acid synthesis (KAT II)inhibitor attenuates evoked glutamate release in rat prefrontal cortex[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2017, 121: 69-78.
[71] Kozak R, Campbell BM, Strick CA, et al. Reduction of brain kynurenic acid improves cognitive function[J]. J Neurosci, 2014, 34(32): 10592-10602.
[72] Beggiato S, Tanganelli S, Fuxe K, et al. Endogenous kynurenic acid regulates extracellular GABA levels in the rat prefrontal cortex[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2014, 82: 11-18.
[73] Chess AC, Simoni MK, Alling TE, et al. Elevations of endogenous kynurenic acid produce spatial working memory deficits[J]. Schizophr Bull, 2007, 33(3): 797-804.
[74] Bagasrawala I, Zecevic N, Radonjic NV. N-Methyl D-Aspartate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid affects human cortical development[J]. Front Neurosci, 2016, 10: 435.
[75] Ogundele OM, Lee CC. CaMKII α expression in a mouse model of NMDAR hypofunction schizophrenia: putative roles for IGF-1R and TLR4[J]. Brain Res Bull, 2018, 137: 53-70.
[76] Oliveros A, Wininger K, Sens J, et al. LPS-induced cortical kynurenic acid and neurogranin-NFAT signaling is associated with deficits in stimulus processing during Pavlovian conditioning[J]. J Neuroimmunol, 2017, 313: 1-9.
[77] Erhardt S, Schwieler L, Nilsson L, et al. The kynurenic acid hypothesis of schizophrenia[J]. Physiol Behav, 2007, 92(1): 203-209.
[78] Linderholm K, Powell S, Olsson E, et al. Role of the NMDA-receptor in prepulse inhibition in the rat[J]. Int J Tryptophan Res, 2010, 3: 1-12.
[79] Platzer M, Dalkner N, Fellendorf FT, et al. Tryptophan breakdown and cognition in bipolar disorder[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2017, 81: 144-150.
[80] Martos D, Tuka B, Tanaka M, et al. Memory enhancement with kynurenic acid and its mechanisms in neurotransmission[J]. Biomedicines, 2022, 10(4): 849.
[81] Yu P, Mosbrook DM, Tagle DA. Genomic organization and expression analysis of mouse kynurenine aminotransferase II, a possible factor in the pathophysiology of Huntington's disease[J]. Mamm Genome, 1999, 10(9): 845-852.
[82] Yoshida Y, Fujigaki H, Kato K, et al. Selective and competitive inhibition of kynurenine aminotransferase 2 by glycyrrhizic acid and its analogues[J]. Sci Rep, 2019, 9(1): 10243.
[83] Robotka H, Sas K, ágoston M, et al. Neuroprotection achieved in the ischaemic rat cortex with l-kynurenine sulphate[J]. Life Sci, 2008, 82(17): 915-919.
[84] Zádori D, Nyiri G, Sznyi A, et al. Neuroprotective effects of a novel kynurenic acid analogue in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease[J]. J Neural Transm (Vienna), 2011, 118(6): 865-875.
